i wrote a book on brown vs. board case, you mentioned 1954. and as you know, and everybody knows, this was supposed to bring about an end to racial segregation in the public schools. in 1964, virtually no black kids were going school with whites in the deep south, or even in the boring south. so in ten years the supreme court -- unanimous supreme court decision had virtually no effect. what had an effect is all of the civil rights activism of the earlier '60s, and early '50s. you mentioned '57, the little rock crisis in '61, the freedom riots, '62, ole miss. '63, bermingham and so forth. and leads up -- this activism on the streets was necessary, as was brown vs. board -- necessary but not sufficient. so, bringing these two things together from the bottom up and from the tom down and then you get this immensely civil rights act passed in 1964, and this was a wonderful thing. everybody was cheering. we knew there was more to be done. voting rights, for instance. i would say, yes, this is my take on it. you do have a lot of problems in '64. thin